The dreamiest moussaka, perfect for thrilling a crowd

By Leslie Brenner

If you’re in a certain Mediterranean mood, there’s nothing more marvelous than a great moussaka. With its layers of potato, eggplant, tomatoey lamb sauce and silky béchamel, Greece’s most famous dish has irresistible appeal.

In fact, when it’s carefully made, moussaka is one of the best dishes in the world. It’s perfect for this time of year, when eggplants are still in peak season and it’s cool enough to finally turn on the oven.

Yet somehow, moussaka has gotten left behind in the universe’s decades-long love affair with Mediterranean food. You don’t find it on restaurant menus much, nor is the internet bursting with outstanding moussaka recipes.

In an attempt to right that wrong, three years ago I set about to explore the origins of the dish and create the best version I could conjure — and came up with what a friend who tasted it called “Moussaka for the Ages.” Fragrant with allspice and cinnamon, it’s at once saucy, bright and rich; the way its creamy crown of béchamel plays with the lamby, saucy layers makes it eminently craveable.

READ: “Moussaka, a spectacular dish with a curious history, gets a magnificent makeover”

It’s great for feeding a crowd. Begin the fun with a big green salad (to keep it simple), or a cold mezze (appetizer spread) if you want to live large (weekend party!). You can build the moussaka ahead of time, stopping at the point where you add the béchamel topping. After that, the final half-hour or so of baking is pretty much hands-off, and it needs to rest 15 minutes after that, so the dish settles and the flavors bloom.

My version is less messy and easier than traditional version, which started with frying potatoes then eggplant. For the eggplant, I go a sheet-pan route, seasoning and drizzling olive oil on thick slices, and roasting them to melty tenderness. This results in a lighter moussaka with a more lovely caramelized eggplant flavor. Slices of potato, which form the base, get parboiled.

The béchamel-and-cheese topping on my moussaka is a little different than traditional versions as well. Lightened with yogurt, it’s brighter and fluffier; grated cheese gives it depth.

Try it this weekend — if you’re not feeding a crew, you can enjoy it reheated for a weeknight dinner or two.

RECIPE: Moussaka for the Ages

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Our 25 favorite recipes of 2020, from Veracruz to Morocco to Vietnam (Part 2)

Rice Noodle Salad Bowl with scallop sashimi and crab

Yep, cooking really saved us in 2020, the worst year ever. We lost ourselves — and found our sanity and our joy — in the kitchen.

So many delicious dishes came out of it that we know we’ll be cooking for years to come. Here’s the story we we ran down the first 12. And now, onto the festivities!

13. Mely Martínez’s Pollo a la Veracruzana

Because cookbook author and blogger Mely Martínez spent good chunks of her childhood learning to cook with her grandmother in Veracruz, Mexico, her Pollo a la Veracruzana was the first dish we cooked from her new cookbook, The Mexican Home Kitchen. We reviewed the book in September.

Why we love to cook it: With olives, capers, raisins and marjoram, this dish may sound a bit odd — but its flavors dance together beautifully. It’s quick and easy enough for a weeknight dinner, yet impressive enough for a special dinner for friends (if we can ever do that again!)

Fun factor: 3

14. Moroccan Chicken Tagine with Olives and Preserved Lemons

This delicious tagine came from Anissa Helou’s marvelous and monumental book Feast: Food of the Islamic World. Partly because Cornish hens were nowhere to be found when I reviewed the book in early pandemic, I adapted it for chicken.

Why we love cooking it: It teaches us so much about tagine technique, in which you only brown the meat at the end, after the meat has cooked and most of the braising liquid has evaporated. Thanks to a lot of finely grated onion and spices that melt over the course of the cooking time, it becomes a savory, silky blanket of a sauce. The dish’s high fun factor is because of the delightfulness of the technique and the beautiful aromas that result from the spices.

Fun factor: 7

15. Moussaka for the Ages

Our recipe for Greece’s most famous dish was my family’s unanimous favorite out of maybe nine jillion dishes that came out of our kitchen this year. (For my husband Thierry, it was tied with a dish that appears near the end of this list.) It was also a reader favorite: Though we only published it a week ago, it’s already among the most clicked-on of the year.

Why we love cooking it: It’s fun the first time, making the layers (potatoes, then eggplant, then lamb sauce). And the lamb sauce, spiced with cinnamon, allspice and more, fills the kitchen with a beautiful aroma. And then the “wow” moment when you see that incredible thick layer of yogurt-béchamel baked to puffy, toasty golden-brown: It’s breathtaking. Another plus: Once you make it a two or three times, it becomes second nature, because each step is quite easy. Did we mention that unlike convention versions, this one doesn’t require frying?

Fun factor: 7

16. Olivia Lopez’s Aguachile, Colima-Style

In a story in May, we featured a glorious aguachile — raw shrimp bathed briefly in chile-spiked citrus and then sauced — from Dallas chef Olivia Lopez. We made it many times in the summer, and will make it again next time we’re overcome with longing for a Mexican beach getaway.

Why we love cooking it: It’s quick, easy and transporting.

Fun factor: 3.

17. Ottolenghi’s Puy Lentils and Eggplant

I had a hard time deciding whether to include this recipe or Yotam Ottolenghi’s recipe for Stuffed Zucchini with Pine Nut Salsa. Both are included in Ottolenghi Simple, for which we are long-overdue on a review. I’ve cooked the zucchini many times — and no doubt will many more. But I can’t stop thinking about the lentils, a glorious, delicious mess of a dish. Think I’ll make it this coming Meatless Monday.

Why we love cooking it: The method is easy and soothing, and the result wholesome and delicious.

Fun factor: 4

18. Papa Ed’s Shrimp and Grits

The shrimp and grits recipe in chef Marcus Samuelsson’s new cookbook The Rise makes the best version of the dish I’ve ever had. Yes, literally. The recipe honors Ed Brumfield, executive chef of Red Rooster, Samuelsson’s restaurant in Harlem. It’s so good I won’t wait for okra season to make it again; I’ll buy frozen okra.

Why we love to cook it: In less than an hour you can have it on the table. There’s a zen-like quiet loveliness in small-dicing all the veg, and the okra are beautiful cut that way.

Fun factor: 2. The fun is in eating this one, which would be a fun factor 10!

19. Rice Noodle Salad Bowls with XYZ Skewers

A Rice Noodle Salad Bowl with grilled pork skewers adapted from Andrea Nguyen’s ‘Vietnamese Food Any Day’

Mostly over the summer, we riffed on this fabulous recipe, adapted from Andrea Nguyen’s Vietnamese Food Any Day, maybe seven or eight times. Our adapted recipe mentions “XYZ” skewers because the skewers could be just about anything — grilled chicken, grilled shrimp, grilled pork (as shown here), or even not-skewers, like the sashimi shown in our story’s lede photo.

Why we love cooking it: Because it’s infinitely riffable, super-fun to assemble and thanks to the nuoc cham, insanely delicious.

Fun factor: 9

20. Sonoko Sakai’s Okonomiyaki

After years of searching for a great okonomiyaki recipe, I finally hit the jackpot in Sonoko Sakai’s Japanese Home Cooking, which we reviewed in June. Okonomiyaki, in case you’re unfamiliar, is a savory pancake (this one is filled with cabbage and shrimp) brushed with tonkatsu sauce and topped with bonito flakes.

Why we love cooking it: “Okonomiyaki” means “as you like it,” and it’s infinitely riffable once you know the technique. Forming the pancakes and cooking them is satisfying, and it’s meant to be shared right away. We enjoyed taking turns making the pancakes (the recipe makes 4 fat ones).

Fun factor: 10

21. Salaryman Potato Salad

In the summer, potato salad became our drug of choice, and Japanese versions felt especially captivating. In a July story (remember picnic season?!), we featured one we love from Dallas Japanese ramen house Salaryman, where chef Justin Holt topped it with ajitama eggs, ramen-style. Holt has since closed the restaurant because he has been battling an aggressive form of leukemia (here is a GoFundMe to help with his mounting expenses).

Why we love cooking it: The ajitama egg, such a brilliant flourish, feels magical to make.

22. Shrimp, Sausage and Okra Gumbo

In the scanty-offerings-on-grocery-shelves days of early pandemic, I found okra, shrimp and andouille sausage at the supermarket all at the same time, and happened to have a package of dried shrimp in my larder, so I improvised a gumbo. It was deliciously soothing — both to make and to eat. I made it again, and again, tweaking until it was just where I wanted it. It’s also great to riff on according to what you have on hand. Okra season is finished, but you can skip it or use frozen.

Why we love cooking it: The power of transformation is intoxicating — shrimp shells into fabulous broth, flour and oil into a mocha-colored roux, and then the two combining into a saucy broth.

23. Tom Kha Kai

I can’t think of a better way to enjoy the sunny flavors of Thailand on a cold winter day than diving into a bowl of Tom Kha Kai, coconut-galangal chicken soup. This one is from Leela Punyaratabandu’s excellent primer, Simple Thai Food (a must-have for anyone new to Thai cooking who wants to explore).

Why we love cooking it: The aromas are absolutely transporting, it’s super easy to make (once you collect the ingredients) and the result is thrilling in its Thai-ness. Cutting fresh makrut lime leaves into strips is maximum kitchen fun — what a perfume!

Fun factor: 8

24. World Butter Chicken

To commemorate the first-ever World Butter Chicken Day, marking the 100th anniversary in October of the restaurant in India where butter chicken (murgh makhani) was invented, we developed a new, streamlined version of earth’s most popular Indian dish. Our first version was adapted from one by Monish Gujral — grandson of the chef who invented the dish. This version takes a couple hours of marination time out of the equation, with equally delicious results. Until Moussaka for the Ages came along, it was my husband Thierry’s favorite thing we’ve cooked during The Great Confinement, and he requests it again and again. (Now it is tied with Moussaka for his favorite.)

Why we love cooking it: I love the tandoori hack for the chicken, and the sauce is soothing to make, with fabulous aromatics.

Fun factor: 6

25. Yangzhou Fried Rice

If I weren’t on a serious mission to eat whole grains rather than white ones, I’d make the Yangzhou Fried Rice from Fuchsia Dunlop’s splendid book Every Grain of Rice every week or two — it’s that good.

Why we love cooking it: Making it the first time is a delicious lesson in Chinese fried rice technique, and Dunlop provides guidance on how to improve according to the ingredients in your fridge.

Fun factor: 7

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READ: ‘Ottolenghi Simple’ is one of the most inspired — and inspiring — cookbooks in a decade (with recipes!)

Moussaka, a spectacular dish with a curious history, gets a magnificent (and long overdue!) makeover

A great Greek moussaka — the layered gratin of eggplant, potato, lamb-tomato sauce and cheesy béchamel — is about as delicious as Mediterranean-inflected comfort food gets.

“Moussaka is the urban cosmopolitan showpiece of lamb-and-eggplant combinations, a pairing as fundamental to Middle and Near Eastern cuisines as pasta and tomatoes are to Italy and potatoes and cream to the French,” wrote Anya von Bremzen in her 2004 book The Greatest Dishes: Around the World in 80 Recipes.

Yet Greece’s most famous dish has gotten weirdly short shrift in our love affair with Eastern Mediterranean cooking. It’s not easy to find great versions (stateside, anyway), whether in restaurants or as recipes.

I’m extremely excited about the makeover we’ve given the dish (here’s the recipe, in case you can’t wait.) It’s my son Wylie’s favorite recipe among everything we’ve worked on this year in the Cooks Without Borders test kitchen. “I could eat it twice a week,” he says. “When can we make it again?”

The dish has a curious history. Like butter chicken, its origin can actually be traced with some certainty, which is unusual.

First, for context, let’s take a step back and look at moussakas in general — for they’re not only Greek. The great food historian Charles Perry (my former colleague at The Los Angles Times), neatly elucidated the category in The Oxford Companion to Food. He described moussaka (or musaka, or musakka) as “a meat and vegetable stew, originally made from sliced aubergine [eggplant], meat and tomatoes, and preferably cooked in an oven.” That, he adds, is the version currently favored by Turks and Arabs.

“In the Balkans, more elaborate versions are found. The Greeks cover the stew with a layer of beaten egg or béchamel sauce. Elsewhere in the Balkans musakka has become a much more various oven-baked casserole, admitting many more vegetables than aubergines or courgette [zucchini], often dropping tomatoes and even meat. Bulgarian and Yugoslav versions emphasize eggs, and a given recipe may consist of eggs, cheese, potatoes, and spinach, or eggs, cheese, sauerkraut, and rice. In Romania, which considers musaca a national dish, the vegetables may be potatoes, celery, cabbage or cauliflower — or may be replaced by noodles.”

So there are, in fact, a whole panoply of moussakas, covering numerous cultures in several regions. It seems worth adding that the word moussaka derives from the Arabic word musaqqâ, which means “moistened,” apparently referring to the tomato juices.

But we are concerned, at the moment, with Greek moussaka — which long baffled food historians because of its béchamel topping. How did such a quintessentially French sauce — made with flour, butter and milk — make its way onto the top of a Greek dish?

Von Bremzen, in researching Greek moussaka’s origins for her 2004 book, turned to her friend, the renowned Greek food writer Aglaia Kremezi, for intelligence. Kremezi had long believed — as did a number of Turkish food writers — that moussaka was probably created toward the end of the Ottoman empire by a Francophile chef working at Topkapi Palace in Istanbul. But upon digging deeper, Kremezi concluded that the Greek dish we know as moussaka is in fact much younger: It was created in the 1920 by Nikolaos Tselementes, author of a legendary 500-page Greek cookbook.

Kremezi went on to write about the dish’s origin at some length in an excellent story for The Atlantic 10 years ago, “‘Classic’ Greek Cuisine: Not So Classic." The story is a must-read that not only elucidates moussaka’s origin-story, but also helps us understand why Greek cuisine tends to be less attention-grabbing this century than that of its Levantine neighbors Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Syria and Palestine.

Tselementes, who was hugely influential early last century — not just on home cooks, but on restaurant chefs and therefore on the Athens dining landscape — aimed to Westernize Greek cooking by returning it to what he believed were its roots. Curious as it would seem, he believed French cooking had its roots in ancient Greek cooking. Under Turkish rule, he believed, Greek cooking had become unacceptably eastern, and his goal was to re-Europeanize it, emphasize cream and butter. (Béchamel!) The rising Athenian middle and upper classes of the 1920s ate it up.

Kremezi didn’t. In the Atlantic story, she wrote, of Tselementes’ influence:

“He revised — and in my opinion, destroyed — many Greek recipes….The exclusion of spices and even herbs from the spicy and fragrant traditional foods resulted in the almost insipid dishes many Greek restaurants still serve. Tselementes went as far as to omit thyme and bay leaves from Escoffier's recipe for sauce Espagnole, in his Greek translation. He also despised garlic, which he very seldom uses in his recipes!”

So Tselementes created the modern iteration of the dish, which was based on layered lamb-and-eggplant, moistened with tomato, and topped with béchamel. Did he leave out spices and garlic? I have not yet been unable to turn up Tselementes’ original recipe, though I am still working on it, and have reached out to Kremezi for further clarification.

If we can get our hands on that original recipe — and I’m optimistic we will — perhaps that will shed light on why there are not better recipes for Greek moussaka out there in the world. Perhaps the recipe, as Kremezi seems to suggest, was just not as great as it might have been had he not extracted all the spices and garlic from it.

Meanwhile, I remain convinced that made thoughtfully, it is one of the world’s greatest dishes. (And Von Bremzen, an immensely well traveled food writer with a great palate, did include it among her 80 greatest in the world!)

Kremezi’s recipe for moussaka, which is loosely based on her mother’s recipe, includes green bell peppers and optional sausage or bacon. My platonic ideal for the dish is purely lamb, and I wanted to come up with a recipe that was as elemental and simple to execute as possible, while still delivering maximum impact and fabulous flavor.

I loved Kremezi’s idea of adding yogurt to the béchamel for lightness and tang when I first came upon her moussaka in von Bremzen’s book, and it was that recipe I used as a jumping off point.

Meanwhile, I couldn’t help but feel that frying the slices of eggplant and potato wasn’t necessarily the worth the trouble and heaviness. My “aha!” moment came as I remembered one of my favorite dishes in Sami Tamimi’s recently published cookbook, Falastin — Baked Kofta with Eggplant and Tomato. The Palestinian chef-author peeled eggplants, zebra-like, leaving half the peel on (which adds nice texture), sliced them, tossed with salt, pepper and olive oil and roasted the slices to meltingly tender, before building them into delicious layered towers of tomato, and lamb-beef kofta patties and baking.

The aha! was roasting the eggplant that way.

Cinnamon, which also appears in Tamimi’s dish, sounded like a great idea as well; I love the way it plays with allspice, garlic and Aleppo pepper.

I liked the idea of parboiling potatoes rather than frying them, which I came across in a 2018 recipe by Sydney Oland on Serious Eats. However, parboiling whole, peeled russets and then slicing them resulted in potato slices that were still crunchy once baked, even when I tripled the boiling time from 5 to 15 minutes.

Wylie (who at 23 years old has developed into a confident and terrifically talented cook during the Great Confinement) unwittingly solved the potato problem for me a couple nights ago. As he was improvising a dish of crusty sautéed potatoes, he sliced the potatoes, then blanched them for 5 minutes before putting them in the hot pan with duck fat.

Aha! Slice first, and then blanche. I had considered that, but worried the slices would fall apart, or wind up too mushy in the moussaka. It worked perfectly. Moussaka makeover achieved!

Here’s how you build the dish. Brush a square, deep baking dish with a little olive oil. Cover the bottom with a layer of blanched russet potato slices; season gently with salt and pepper. Next add a layer of roasted eggplant slices. Because they’re so nicely tender, you can squish them in a bit so there’s an even layer off eggplant covering the potatoes, without big gaps between them.

Next comes a layer of lamb and tomato sauce, with all those lovely spices. And finally, on top, a thick layer of béchamel with yogurt and grated cheddar cheese stirred in. Into the oven it goes, and when it comes out, it is gratinéed a gorgeous golden-brown.

The temptation is to dive into it right away, it’s so beautiful. Nathalie — my son’s girlfriend, a moussaka fanatic who’s Lebanese and knows about such things as layered lamb and eggplant — put up her hand and said, “Wait. Let it rest a few minutes.”

She was right: It wants to settle, come together. It’s still plenty hot when you slice into it 15 minutes later.

Yes, it’s as delicious as it looks. One piece of advice about ingredients: Put your hands on the best ground lamb you can manage. I once made it with lamb I ground at home from boneless shoulder — it was insanely, out-of-the-world wonderful, the best result I’ve had. Other times I have made it with pre-packaged supermarket ground lamb. Very good, but there’s definitely a difference. Tonight I’m making it using ground local lamb from the counter of a halal butcher in a Lebanese bakery and market. I will update the story with the results, so you might want to check back tomorrow.

Want to enjoy a delicious moussaka at your own table? Help yourself to the recipe. And please let us know how you like it.

RECIPE: Moussaka for the Ages